Racial Profiling And Racial Segregation - 1255 Words

The existence of racial profiling is one of the most pressing issues facing the contemporary society of America. Historically, law enforcement has a heritage of racially motivated legislation - from slave codes, black codes, to other oppressive practices targeted at the populations of minorities. The present-day relationship between minorities and the police has been consequently influenced by such historical trends of discrimination. Recent events reflect the policing strategy of racial profiling where minorities have been mistreated and discriminated against, leading to a relapse towards social inequality once again. Predispositions toward criminality can be first traced back to the enslavement of Africans when slaves were brought to the†¦show more content†¦However, Oliver Brown, the parent of a black student denied access to Topeka s white schools, filed a class action lawsuit against the Topeka, Kansas school, turning the tables against racial discrimination. The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the racial segregation of public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Despite how this decision put the Constitution on the side of racial equality and sparked the civil rights movement into a full revolution, the process of ridding one of the nation’s most inhumane habits did not finalize in this court case and continued to dwell into the late 1900s. Past circumstances are also represented in Michelle Alexander’s book The New Jim Crow, where she candidly challenges the notion of a new color blind generation by exhibiting how America has redesigned a racial caste within mass incarceration. Specifically, she discusses the late 1900s War on Drugs and its essential role to the development of today’s racial injustice. President Richard Nixon’s call for war aimed to reduce the drug epidemic, but unintentionally sparked the public’s existing unease about individuals of color. At this time,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Racism, Racial Profiling and Segregation in America2491 Words   |  10 Pagesbut also very common at State University. Although the Supreme Court in 1954 in Brown vs. The Topeka Board of Education declared segregation illegal, our student center today probably looks the way diners looked sixty years ago. Blacks are sitting in a secluded section of the Student Center; while whites are sitting in th eir own self-designated section. The segregation between blacks and whites in the State University Student Center is simply a natural occurrence between the two races. State UniversityRead MoreRacial Profiling Is Not Be Acknowledged As A Law Authorization1476 Words   |  6 PagesRacial profiling emerges as a standout amongst the most dubious issues in the United States of America as well as different parts of the world all the more so in the created nations. Basically, it includes the utilization of the ethnicity, race or nationality of a person as the fundamental variable of law authorization methodology, for example, arbitrary checks, capture and so forth. In the United States of America, racial profiling is generally considered by numerous individuals as an apparatusRead MoreThroughout history, racial profiling has become a prevalent issue within humanity. From slavery,1400 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, racial profiling has become a prevalent issue within humanity. From slavery, segregation, and to world wars, furthermore ongoing issues of terrorism, these examples have led to the profound effects of racial profiling. Racial Profiling can be defined as the action of law enforcers and society, which specifically targets people based on race, ethnicity, religion or national origin and not by actual behavior. Although, many people may believe that racial profiling is non-existent,Read MoreRacial Profiling And The Civil Rights Movement1239 Words   |  5 PagesGiselle Cordero PSCI 246: Social Movements Outline Topic/Question: Have Black Lives Mattered? – Racial profiling in the justice system, increased incarceration of African Americans and the idea of â€Å"White Privilege† persists in the United States. 1. Introduction Even though America is the world dominating superpower and is known to intervene on behalf of the violation of human rights internationally, it fails to acknowledge and correct the flaws its legal and justice system present against itsRead MoreShould Racial Slurs Be Banned From Society?847 Words   |  4 PagesShould Racial Slurs be Banned from Society? Racial slurs have grown within American history as our society has developed into one of the greatest superpowers of the world. As a nation, America has fought several internal and external wars to advance into a free country and attain the rights it now holds. These rights, or moral principles, were established to protect the residents inhabiting each state. Countless rules of regulation against racism have been enforced by Congress beginning from theRead MoreCivil Rights For African Americans1001 Words   |  5 Pageswould be treated like an animal or someone who was less than human when in reality they were the monster. Another person who helped fight for equality was Booker T. Washington. Booker helped fight for economic equality. W.E.B. Dubois also helped with racial equality alongside Booker wanting social equality. In time slaves became free due to the emancipation proclamation in 1863. When this happened it just showed that change is possible and made their race stronger tha n ever. Even though they weren’tRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1348 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world we deal with multiple cases of racial profiling seemingly on a daily basis. Turn on the television, check the internet, or simply have a discussion with someone and you’ll hear about it. Racial Profiling describes discriminatory practices by law enforcement officials who target people for suspicion of crime based on their ethnicity, race, origin, or religion. The term first came about during the War on Drugs in the 1970’s and 1980’s when law enforcement were accused of pullingRead MoreBlack Lives Matter Is An International Activist Movement1693 Words   |  7 Pagescommunity. The title Black Lives Matter is so broad that it correlates to many topics such as police brutality, racial profiling, racism, segregation, discrimination etc. â€Å"Racial Profiling† refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials that targets individuals on suspicion of crime based on an individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin (â€Å"Racial Profiling: Definition†). Although this topic affects a wide array of communities it still pertains to citizens of colorRead MoreHow Racial Profiling Led to the Death of Trayvon Martin821 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Profiling As I walk to the store to pick up snacks for the next half of the super bowl, I am trying to make it quick. I finally arrive at the store and quickly get my two favorite items, skittles and an ice tea. Thinking to myself that this is all I need, not knowing that it would be my last meal. On the walk back home, I have a feeling that I am being followed. I speed up. I turn around to find that a grown Hispanic man, mid-age, and heavily built is in fact, following me. In my head,Read MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On Society1209 Words   |  5 PagesCases of Racial Profiling There are tons of cases of Racial Profiling. Now a days many people are being targeted or attacked by racial profiling. Laws are being passed but not every police officer is following up with it. And because of this more and more people are becoming irritated with the government system. Just because a particular person from a particular race does something wrong, everyone from that race is being discriminated by so-called other races. Racial profiling is getting

Media s Influence On Public Opinion Essay - 1833 Words

In the last 80 years technology has advanced giving us various amounts and different types of medium in which we can source information from. When absorbing information, humans naturally conclude with an opinion. This essay will base around the issue that media does influence public opinion, in a way that the media uses different media effects and sources of medium to control the publics opinion. The subconscious media effects of Framing, Agenda setting and priming is used by the media in the method to control and alter the public opinion on a news story or political campaign. This essay will also look at several major media events throughout the last 80 years, drawing upon the examples of social media and war and how they have been structured and used to involve the media effecting peoples lives. Framing Media has been able to control and influence opinions of the public through news stories within the last 80 years through the development of framing. Framing is when a story or piece of news is portrayed in a certain way that is meant to control the audience’s opinion and attitude, to agree one way or the other that the media wants them to. The technique of framing can be seen as a controlling technique of journalism writing to sway or trick the audience to base their own opinion on what is being presented. The purpose of framing is a method so that public opinion cannot chose to go against what the story is intending the audience to agree with. Journalists argue theShow MoreRelatedSocial Media s Influence On Public Opinion And Attitudes967 Words   |  4 Pagesassistance of a wheelchair. Media, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the internet, and social media play a crucial role in influencing public opinion and attitudes. A choice of words, an image, or a message may determine perceptions, attitudes, or behaviors of society. These forms of media can also determine what does and does not matter to individuals and the world that surrounds them. The way disabled people are portrayed and how often they appear in media has a huge impact on theRead MoreAgenda Setting Theory And Social Media1317 Words   |  6 PagesAgenda-Setting Theory and Social Media The agenda-setting theory states that the media influences what people choose to think about. The theory emerged from communication studies and focuses on mass media and setting the public agenda. In the seminal article, McCombs and Shaw (1972) found a high correlation between media agenda and the public agenda through content analysis of a local election. The theorists wanted to discover what types of people are most susceptible to the media agenda through quantitativeRead MoreThe Changing Face Of Political Campaigns1025 Words   |  5 PagesThe media is everywhere. In our computers. In our phones. In our radios. Just around the corner waiting in a newspaper stand and flashing bright colors across our TVs. It seems like there is something being reported continuously every day. News and information are only a few taps away; unlimited knowledge now sits in almost anyone’s back pocket. All these new forms of media are changing everything. Political campaigns are not something we typically think about. To most people above the age of 18Read MoreThe Media: A Powerful Voice1088 Words   |  4 PagesThe Media is a powerful voice listened to by millions of Americans, as well as billions of people across the globe. For decades, the media has been an influential instrument in the political realm. In today’s politics, the media is a necessary part of the campaign process and is undoubtedly a powerful tool for candidates in getting their message to the public and the engine by which public opinion is formed. But just how powerful is the media? Dictionary.com defines the media as, â€Å"The means ofRead MoreThe Media s Impact On Public Opinion936 Words   |  4 PagesThe media has always had a powerful impact on public opinion in Britain. With several different types and means of communication, such as TV, newspapers, social networking and radio, it is difficult for the public to not be even slightly impacted by the opinion of thousands that surrounds them every day. However, with newspapers spinning stories to promote the party they favour (such as the Daily Mail in favour of Conservatives or the Mirror in favour of Labour ) or to disparage the opposition, isRead MoreThe Agenda Setting Model Can Guide The Public Opinion And Mass Communication1464 Words   |  6 Pagessetting. The agenda setting model can guide the public opinion and mass communication about some social or political issues. Different with media effects model, the media effects more like to telling people how to think, however, the agenda setting model i s successful in telling people what to think about. In a general way, agenda setting theory was constructed in the environment of traditional mass media, and the purpose is to study traditional mass media. About the visual agenda setting, the particularRead MoreMass Media Such As Television, Newspapers, And Internet1457 Words   |  6 PagesMass media such as television, newspapers, and internet are the center of the public s communication and entertainment. Society relies heavily on mass media for their news, education, entertainment, and their socialization. It can inspire, persuade, and change the behavior of the audience depending on the objective. The public is often misinformed and uninformed by media outlets to control the information that reaches the public. As technology continues to grow, access to mass media continues toRead MoreExplain The Effects Of Family On Ones Political Values1171 Words   |  5 Pageswhat a democracy is and why it is significant. A democracy is a system of government where the people have the opportunity to have a say in important governmental processes. For instance, in a democracy, one has the privilege to directly vote on key public officials. This can be seen in presidential elections, state elections, etc. A democracy is significant because it protects the interests of the people, and allows citizens to feel a sense of authority in the nation’s government. Essentially, ensuringRead MoreThe Political Economy of the Media in Zimbabwe1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe Political Economy of the media in Zimbabwe The political economy of the media in Zimbabwe is mostly centered on the hands of the government. The government has control over major media players like the public media which include print and broadcasting media. Through its control of the public media it has greatly impede freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of information and freedom of opinion in the media. However, the government has manage to give some private players room toRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagescontrols the media, controls the mind†. The Media have become one of the most dominant source of education of the 21st century. We could argue that most Americans use the media as their main source of information. The side effect of that is the fact that the media are very polarized. With the ongoing polarization, we could hypothesize that people would have been more politically educated and oriented if the media was not infiltrated. Mass media are expected to be educational. Public opinion relies on

A field Essay Example For Students

A field Essay As I leave my house and its stress filed environment I think about the release and calm atmosphere of my field. As I pass the sports hall I see people almost crying because they just lost a game of football, I walk on past Tosco and see men and women struggling with bags of shopping. I hurry to get away from the commotion of life and in to the quiet streets of high light park. This part of my journey cools me and prepares me for the sanctuary I find within the field. I arrive and collapse on the light grass the strong sweet smell of fresh cut grass throws it self at my face and up my nose. The sound floats around; birds singing and trees swaying as if in slow motion. The sun belts down on to my face and all over my body, it feels like Im lying in a warm bath. So relaxed. So peaceful. I can feel all my care and worries floating up, floating around, floating away. No-one to disturb me no-one to push me, prod me, kick me or annoy me. As I look up I see the woods that are attached to the field, I think back to the summer of 2002 when almost every day with out fail Dave, Carl, and Matt and I would spend all day and some times all night in there, just smoking. Talking about life with its good points, and its bad. Just to remember the few magical moments of getting high with my best buddies, I still think that those times were the best of my life. Someone asked me before what I found so relaxing about the woods and field, but I couldnt answer them and I still cant explain it, its just a special warm fuzzy feeling that I get even in the coldest of weathers. For some reason we would never collect firewood during the day so someone would have to attempt the mammoth obstacle course of the treacherous terrain, that is the woods, using there cigarette lighters to find there way. I take a new box of twenty lambut and butler out of my pocket and start to unwrap the cellophane rapper. The smells waft out of the cardboard packet, the sent of tobacco excites my senses. I take a fresh straight white stick and put the end in between my lips, and then with my free hand I take my slightly low on gas clipper out of my breast pocket and strike the small flint. The chain reaction between the spark and the gas courses a magical flame, which lights the end of my cigarette. Its smoke, in clouds of white and cream rise around my face, its embers burning away the leaves of tobacco. The grass fells like a big fluffy cushion under my back I feel so free and so calm and so peaceful. The air tastes fresh and  moist against the harsh cigarette. I see a kestrel hovering around the bottom end of my field; it aims its body like a dart and dives to the ground like a heavy weight, then back up to the sky with a mouse in its powerful claws. Beyond that I see a plain flying across and through the clouds and I realise that. there is still life out there and that the time has come for me to go and join it.

Stapler free essay sample

Design efficiency = (number of functional component / total ) x 100 Major component: superstructure x2, loading component, pin holder, flexor, spring, pin No. functional component = 6 Total no. component = 9 Design effictencr (6/9)x100 = 66. 67% i) Suitability A breakdown of how the unit is currently manufactured and associated costs a) Sequence of assembly: 1 . Flexor + top superstructure + PVC holder 2. Bottom superstructure + PVC holder 3. Loading compartment + Pin holder + Spring 4. step 1 + step 2+ step 3+ Pin b) Assembly process 1 . The assembly process for the bottom and top superstructure is almost similar which they used hot stamping machine to assemble the PVC holder to the superstructure. The hot stamping machine use pressure and heat to imprint the PVC holder to fit on the superstructure. 2. To assemble the loading compartment, pin holder and spring, manpower is used. 3. After the above is done, the stapler is to be assembled to be one which c) Labour cost a pin is tlxed Example: production: 1 million unit of stapler per month 3 shift time taken to assembly 1 unit 0 2 minutes RM1500 per month per worker 26 working days 3 shift (20 hours) 1 person per shift = 6. We will write a custom essay sample on Stapler or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 67 hours = 400. 2 minutes 2 minutes per unit, 1 shift = 200 units 3 shift 0 600 units/day 26 days 0 15600 unit/worker 1 million units = (1 workers Labour cost = (64 X RM1500)/ 1 million = RMO. 096/unit = RMO. 0/unit To reduce the labour cost, the assembly time per unit needs to be reduced. The assembly time per unit can be reduced to 1. 5 minute. To reduce the time, one of the sequences of the assembly process need to be reduced and hence the number of parts of the stapler need to be reduced. Therefore, with the time reduce to 1. 5 minute, the labour cost per unit is reduced to RMO. 75. d) Identify human error For the hot stamping machine, the time set by human might not be accurate which the time taken to applied on the product might be too fast. If the time is too long it might melt the product For the assembly part where human effort is needed, which is the assembly of the spring, the direction of hook might be opposite or the spring is not placed properly that the spring will be easily off. e) For the stamping process, there is stamping machine with combination process. While to hook the spring to the load compartment, human is needed. Finally the last process which is to gather the parts to one, human will put in a pin into the parts. ) Conclusion The assembly process of the design can still be simplified. Some process can be improved by using machine. The parts of the stapler can be simplified. (iii) Manutacturing process a) Parts of stapler: Top superstructure, bottom superstructure, spring, flexor, PVC holder, loading compartment, pin holder, pin b) Superstructure: This part is manufactured using stamping machine. Flat sheet metal material are laced between punch and die. When the punch pushes the material, the shape o f the punch will shear from the sheet. This process is a very cost-efficient way of mass production stampings because it does not require manpower to hold the material. Spring formation: Coil springs are wound around rods and heat-treated, to be pulled apart and pressed together, and still return to its original wound up condition. Flexor: A thin piece of steel is cut into the shape wanted is rolled or bent to its proper shape. To produce changes in the metals characteristics which gives the flexor more lasticity, the flexor is heated to a temperature which will cause internal stresses. PVC Holder: The pvc holders are made by injecting liquified plastic into a die, which is injection molding. The liquid flows into the open void and is then cooled, the shape of PVC holder is formed. Loading compartment pin holder: These parts are manufactured by stamping and brake forming which the desired shape is punch out and the bending part is bent simultaneously. The pin is made through forging process. As the pin is used as a hinge point for top and bottom half of the stapler, it is made from a strong, heat-treatable metal. Percentage of net shape manufacturing d) Finishing process Painting: As required to prevent rust or for cosmetic reasons, some components are painted. Some automatic painting operations employ electrostatic spraying, where the parts and paint are electrically charged. This method eliminates wasted paint. e) Cost of each manufacturing process Labour cost Material cost Go where find? f- Conclusion 2. List out DFM Rules ( one by one ) a) Reduce the total nu mber of parts. The reduction of the number of parts in a product is probably the best opportunity for reducing manufacturing costs. Less parts implies less purchases, inventory, handling, processing time, development time, equipment, engineering time, assembly difficulty, service inspection, testing, etc. b) Develop a modular design. The use of modules in product design simplifies manufacturing activities such as inspection, testing, assembly. These modules add versatility to product update in the redesign process, help run tests before the final assembly is put together, and allow the use of standard components to minimize product variations. c) Use of standard components. Standard components are less xpensive than custom-made items. d) Design parts to be multi-functional. Multi- functional parts reduce the total number of parts in a design, thus, obtaining the benefits given in rule 1 . e) Design parts for multi-use. In a manufacturing firm, different products can share parts that have been designed for multi-use. These parts can have the same or different functions when used in different products. f) Design for ease of fabrication. Select the optimum combination between the material and fabrication process to minimize the overall manufacturing cost. Final operations uch as painting, polishing, should be avoided. g) Avoid separate fasteners. The use of fasteners increases the cost of manufacturing a part due to the handling and feeding operations that have to be performed. Minimize the number, size, and variation used; also, utilize standard components whenever possible. h) Minimize assembly directions. All parts should be assembled from one direction. If possible, the best way to add parts is from above, in a vertical direction, parallel to the gravitational direction (downward). In this way, the effects of gravity help the ssembly process, contrary to having to compensate for its effect when other directions are chosen. i) Maximize compliance. Errors can occur during insertion operations due to variations in part dimensions or on the accuracy of the positioning device used. This faulty behavior can cause damage to the part or to the equipment. j) Minimize handling. Handling consists of positioning, orienting, and fixing a part or component. To facilitate orientation, symmetrical parts should be used whenever possible. b- Compare with existing design (see match with DFM rules or not)

Appeal against sentence in the case of R v Bronson Essay Example

Appeal against sentence in the case of R v Bronson Essay Example Appeal against sentence in the case of R v Bronson Paper Appeal against sentence in the case of R v Bronson Paper this should be reduced to 1year and 6 months. I would rede that advocate argue for 25-30 % decrease for the guilty supplication. This would go forth a sentence of 12-13 months. If the pre sentence study recommends a non-custodial sentence so it would be deserving reasoning for a suspended sentence with the status that the suspect undertakes intervention for his intoxicant dependence, in the involvements of rehabilitation. Written Reasons non to Stay the Proceedings and Re-charge with subdivision 97 Offense. The New South Wales Prosecution Guidelines paragraph 20 ballad out the fortunes in which a supplication of guilty to a lesser offense should be accepted to avoid a test for the more serious offense. They are as follows: The alternate offense reflects the indispensable criminalism of the behavior. The grounds to back up the prosecution instance is weak in any regard. It will salvage a informant, peculiarly a victim or other vulnerable informant from the emphasis of testifying. The economy of cost and clip weighed against the likely result of the affair if it were to continue to test is significant In this case, the suspect was charged at the constabulary station with the subdivision 94 offense and it is non hence a instance on which the prosecution have had to make up ones mind whether or non to accept a supplication to a lesser charge. However, the same rules ought to use. Accordingly, I would subject that the subdivision 94 offense basically encapsulates the criminalism of Mr Bronson. It is accepted that the piece of wood would likely fall within the significance of ‘offensive arm for the intents of the subdivision 97 offense as defined by subdivision 4 ( 1 ) of the Crimes Act 1900: â€Å"†¦any thing that, in the fortunes, is used, intended for usage or threatened to be used for violative intents, whether or non it is normally used for violative intents or is capable of doing harm.† However, whilst Mr Bronson did pick up the wood and beckon it towards the victim, he did non really utilize it for force. The hassle and pickings of the billfold took topographic point after he no longer had clasp of the wood. The grounds to back up the fact that the offense took topographic point in the company of another is well weakened by the fact that the other wrongdoer escaped at the scene and can non hence be produced to back up the Crown’s instance. The defendant’s guilty supplication to the subdivision 94 charge has spared the victim the emphasis of attesting at a test to find his guilt on the subdivision 97 charge. Overall, in my entry, the economy of cost and clip by accepting the supplication to the subdivision 94 offense well outweighs the possibility of an alternate result at test. Even if the suspect were to be found guilty of the more serious subdivision 97 offense, the difference in sentence would non be enormously important. The arm used was non peculiarly lifelessly and as stated above, Mr Bronson did non strike the victim during the offense. Furthermore, the offense and peculiarly the usage of the wood were timeserving instead than pre meditated. I would therefore argue that the involvements of justness and the populace would be best served by keeping the current guilty supplication for the subdivision 94 offense. Bibliography Literature Review Aas, K F.Sentencing in the Age of Information: From Faust to Macintosh[ Glasshouse imperativeness ( 2005 ) ] Bargaric, M.Punishment and Sentencing: A Rational Approach[ Cavendish ( 2001 ) ] Clarkson, C and Keating, H.Condemnable Law Texts and Materials[ Sweet and Maxwell ( 2001 ) ] Von Hirsch, A and Ashworth A ( explosive detection systems )Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy[ Hart Publishing ( 1998 ) ] Referenced Crime ( Sentencing Procedure ) Act 1999 Siganto v The Queen( 1998 ) 194 CLR 656 RoentgenVThomson A ; Houlton( 2000 ) 49 NSWLR 383 RoentgenVDe Simoni( 1981 ) 147 CLR 383 RoentgenVSutton[ 2004 ] NSWCCA 225 RoentgenVSharma( 2002 ) 54 NSWLR 300 Sentencing Bench Book New South Wales. Robbery paragraph [ 20-210 ] RoentgenVGrainger( unrep, 3/8/94, NSWCCA ) RoentgenVRend[ 2006 ] NSWCCA 41 RoentgenVSmith A ; Desmond[ 1965 ] AC 960 R V Henry[ 1999 ] NSWCCA 111 R V Griggs ( 2000 ) III A Crim R 233 RoentgenVStanley[ 2003 ] NSWCCA 233 Morris, N and Howard, C.Surveies in Criminal Law ( 1964 )pp175 Vakalalabure V State ( No 2 ) [ 2007 ] 1 LRC 79 Crimes Act 1900 New South Wales Prosecution Guidelines 1

Seymour Cray and the Supercomputer

Seymour Cray and the Supercomputer Many of us are familiar with computers. You’re likely using one now to read this blog post as devices such as laptops, smartphones and tablets are essentially the same underlying computing technology. Supercomputers, on the other hand, are somewhat esoteric as they’re often thought of as hulking, costly, energy-sucking machines developed, by and large, for government institutions, research centers, and large firms. Take for instance China’s Sunway TaihuLight, currently the world’s fastest supercomputer, according to Top500’s supercomputer rankings. It’s comprised of 41,000 chips (the processors alone weigh over 150 tons), cost about $270 million and has a power rating of 15,371 kW. On the plus side, however, it’s capable of performing quadrillions of calculations per second and can store up to 100 million books. And like other supercomputers, it’ll be used to tackle some of the most complex tasks in the fields of science such as weather forecasting and drug research. When Supercomputers Were Invented The notion of a supercomputer first arose in the 1960s when an electrical engineer named Seymour Cray, embarked on creating the world’s fastest computer. Cray, considered the â€Å"father of supercomputing,† had left his post at business computing giant Sperry-Rand to join the newly formed Control Data Corporation so that he can focus on developing scientific computers. The title of world’s fastest computer was held at the time by the IBM 7030 â€Å"Stretch,† one of the first to use transistors instead of vacuum tubes.   In 1964, Cray introduced the CDC 6600, which featured innovations such as switching out germanium transistors in favor of silicon and a Freon-based cooling system. More importantly, it ran at a speed of 40 MHz, executing roughly three million floating-point operations per second, which made it the fastest computer in the world. Often considered to be the world’s first supercomputer, the CDC 6600 was 10 times faster than most computers and three times faster than the IBM 7030 Stretch. The title was eventually relinquished in 1969 to its successor the CDC 7600.  Ã‚   Seymour Cray Goes Solo In 1972, Cray left Control Data Corporation to form his own company, Cray Research. After some time raising seed capital and financing from investors, Cray debuted the Cray 1, which again raised the bar for computer performance by a wide margin. The new system ran at a clock speed of 80 MHz and performed 136 million floating-point operations per second (136 megaflops). Other unique features include a newer type of processor (vector processing) and a speed-optimized horseshoe-shaped design that minimized the length of the circuits. The Cray 1 was installed at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1976. By the 1980s Cray had established himself as the preeminent name in supercomputing and any new release was widely expected to topple his previous efforts. So while Cray was busy working on a successor to the Cray 1, a separate team at the company put out the Cray X-MP, a model that was billed as a more â€Å"cleaned up† version of the Cray 1. It shared the same horseshoe-shape design, but boasted multiple processors, shared memory and is sometimes described as two Cray 1s linked together as one. The Cray X-MP (800 megaflops) was one of the first â€Å"multiprocessor† designs and helped open the door to parallel processing, wherein computing tasks are split into parts and executed simultaneously by different processors.   The Cray X-MP, which was continually updated, served as the standard bearer until the long-anticipated launch of the Cray 2 in 1985. Like its predecessors, Cray’s latest and greatest took on the same horseshoe-shaped design and basic layout with integrated circuits stacked together on logic boards. This time, however, the components were crammed so tightly that the computer had to be immersed in a liquid cooling system to dissipate the heat. The Cray 2 came equipped with eight processors, with a â€Å"foreground processor† in charge of handling storage, memory and giving instructions to the â€Å"background processors,† which were tasked with the actual computation. Altogether, it packed a processing speed of 1.9 billion floating point operations per second (1.9 Gigaflops), two times faster than the Cray X-MP. More Computer Designers Emerge Needless to say, Cray and his designs ruled the early era of the supercomputer. But he wasn’t the only one advancing the field. The early ’80s also saw the emergence of massively parallel computers, powered by thousands of processors all working in tandem to smash though performance barriers. Some of the first multiprocessor systems were created by W. Daniel Hillis, who came up with the idea as a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The goal at the time was to overcome to the speed limitations of having a CPU direct computations among the other processors by developing a decentralized network of processors that functioned similarly to the brain’s neural network. His implemented solution, introduced in 1985 as the Connection Machine or CM-1, featured 65,536 interconnected single-bit processors. The early ’90s marked the beginning of the end for Cray’s stranglehold on supercomputing. By then, the supercomputing pioneer had split off from Cray Research to form Cray Computer Corporation. Things started to go south for the company when the Cray 3 project, the intended successor to the Cray 2, ran into a whole host of problems. One of Cray’s major mistakes was opting for gallium arsenide semiconductors – a newer technology as a way to achieve his stated goal of a twelvefold improvement in processing speed. Ultimately, the difficulty in producing them, along with other technical complications, ended up delaying the project for years and resulted in many of the company’s potential customers eventually losing interest. Before long, the company ran out of money and filed for bankruptcy in 1995. Cray’s struggles would give way to a changing of the guard of sorts as competing Japanese computing systems would come to dominate the field for much of the decade. Tokyo-based NEC Corporation first came onto the scene in 1989 with the SX-3 and a year later unveiled a four-processor version that took over as the world’s fastest computer, only to be eclipsed in 1993. That year, Fujitsu’s Numerical Wind Tunnel, with the brute force of 166 vector processors became the first supercomputer to surpass 100 gigaflops (Side note: To give you an idea of how rapidly the technology advances, the fastest consumer processors in 2016 can easily do more than 100 gigaflops, but at the time, it was particularly impressive). In 1996, the Hitachi SR2201 upped the ante with 2048 processors to reach a peak performance of 600 gigaflops. Intel Joins the Race Now, where was Intel? The company that had established itself as the consumer market’s leading chipmaker didn’t really make a splash in the realm of supercomputing until towards the end of the century. This was because the technologies were altogether very different animals. Supercomputers, for instance, were designed to jam in as much processing power as possible while personal computers were all about squeezing efficiency from minimal cooling capabilities and limited energy supply. So in 1993 Intel engineers finally took the plunge by taking the bold approach of going massively parallel with the 3,680 processor Intel XP/S 140 Paragon, which by June of 1994 had climbed to the summit of the supercomputer rankings. It was the first massively parallel processor supercomputer to be indisputably the fastest system in the world.   Up to this point, supercomputing has been mainly the domain of those with the kind of deep pockets to fund such ambitious projects. That all changed in 1994 when contractors at NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center, who didn’t have that kind of luxury, came up with a clever way to harness the power of parallel computing by linking and configuring a series of personal computers using an ethernet network. The â€Å"Beowulf cluster† system they developed was comprised of 16 486DX processors, capable of operating in the gigaflops range and cost less than $50,000 to build. It also had the distinction of running Linux rather than Unix before the Linux became the operating systems of choice for supercomputers. Pretty soon, do-it-yourselfers everywhere were followed similar blueprints to set up their own Beowulf clusters.  Ã‚   After relinquishing the title in 1996 to the Hitachi SR2201, Intel came back that year with a design based on the Paragon called ASCI Red, which was comprised of more than 6,000 200MHz Pentium Pro processors. Despite moving away from vector processors in favor of off-the-shelf components, the ASCI Red gained the distinction of being the first computer to break the one trillion flops barrier (1 teraflops). By 1999, upgrades enabled it to surpass three trillion flops (3 teraflops). The ASCI Red was installed at Sandia National Laboratories and was used primarily to simulate nuclear explosions and assist in the maintenance of the country’s nuclear arsenal. After Japan retook the supercomputing lead for a period with the 35.9 teraflops NEC Earth Simulator, IBM brought supercomputing to unprecedented heights starting in 2004 with the Blue Gene/L. That year, IBM debuted a prototype that just barely edged the Earth Simulator (36 teraflops). And by 2007, engineers would ramp up the hardware to push its processing capability to a peak of nearly 600 teraflops. Interestingly, the team was able to reach such speeds by going with the approach of using more chips that were relatively low power, but more energy efficient. In 2008, IBM broke ground again when it switched on the Roadrunner, the first supercomputer to exceed one quadrillion floating point operations per second (1 petaflops).

Midterm paper in microeconomics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Midterm paper in microeconomics - Case Study Example This can be presented in a graph as follows: Figure 1: Graph Presenting the function, Y = F (K, L) = AK0.4L0.8 (b) In order to break even, one should hardly be worried about the production size since size is hardly the only factor that influences production. Again, fixed costs are not related directly to a firm’s level of production. Break-even involves the point at which both variable and fixed costs would be recovered, implying that production size is not a major factor to consider in this case. Answer to Question 2 This is a case of two firms that compete in a sequntial game, where each firm chooses prices as its strategic variable.Firm 1 make the choice of price p1, first, while firm 2 chooses p2 later. Each of the two firms has a marginal cost of 20. The assumption in this case is that a consumer is loacted at point x, x being the distance from firm 1, and obtains some utility after buying from either of the two firms. Such functions are as below: U1 = V – p1 †“ 16x U2 = V – p2 – 16 (1 - x) Given that V is a constant, which is so large that it could cover the entire market: (a) The best response for firm 2 would require that the firm looks ahead to its initial decision. It would then assume that given that it comes to that point, firm 1 will choose the optimal outcome of firm 2; in this case, the highest payoff in terms of price. Secondly, firm 2 would have to back up to its second all the way to the last decision. It would assume that firm 1 would opt for high prices (Peterson, 39). The firm would continue reasoning back in the same way until all its decisions are fixed. Such decision could be presented in a (p2; p1) space as follows: V = U2 + p2 + 16 (1 - x) V= U1 + p1 + 16x Thus, U2 + p2 + 16 (1 - x) = U1 + p1 + 16x U2 + p2 + 16 = U1 + p1 + 32x Since the two firms are competing sequentially, the market equilibrium price is the point where p1= p2 since all firms would ultimately have to lower their prices in order to att ract as many customers as possible (Peterson, 39). (b) The equilibrium price is p1 =p2 =20. The profit for firm 1 is Yp1 – 20c while that of firm 2 is Yp2 – 20c, where Y is the total output and 20c is the total cost which is constant for the two firms. (c) Equilibrium price is 20. The market share for firm 1 and firm 2 are x and (1 – x) respectively. Answer to question 3 The following data was obtained from Rema Store. (1) The name of the store is Rema Grocery Store. The type of cheese in the store, the prices per kilogram and the brand of cheese including the unit size are as shown in the table above. (2) Based on the various brands, unit sizes, and price per kilogram for each brand, it is easy to propose price discrimination scheme. The price discrimination scheme could explain more about the stores and the brands of cheese sold. The best price discrimination scheme for the products is the first degree of price discrimination. In this case, the seller would se ll various product brands of cheese at different prices. The scheme would require that the seller knows the reservation price for each of the brand sold. Once the seller identifies the reservation price for each brand, he or she is able to sell the different brands of cheese to the consumers at the maximum prices possible. Customers hardly consider quantities but their perception of quality is based

SWOT Analysis - NYLB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SWOT Analysis - NYLB - Research Paper Example This function started since 1909 after the New York legislation passed a law which stated that the receiver would have separate responsibility and was appointed by the State Supreme Court of New York (New York Liquidation Bureau, â€Å"Home†). Mr.Bing, chief executive officer of the NYLB authored 85 bills that passed the Assembly and around 35 of the bills passed the senate and were signed into law. Among these law included the 2006 law passed by Mr.Bling which stated about the limitation of workers, recovery and clean up workers, compensation claims made by the 9/11 rescues; other law stated were the 2010 no fault divorce law, adoption of the UPMIFA statute in 2010, the law of criminal and civil penalties in the year 2008. Apart from the law stated above the chief executive also authored laws for the insurance and real estate sector so that these industries could taste success even during hard economic times. NYLB performs administrative and operational support to NYLB through economical and timely procurement of goods and services. The claims division looks after the disposition of claims which meets the criteria under the New York Security Fund, enabling NYLB to close its proceeding of estates with the allocated time. The creditor and ancillary division looks after the insolvent users and helps the Superintendent performs his responsibilities. The assets of NYLB are looked after by the finance division and the Human Resource department protects the estates by minimizing the risk (New York Liquidation Bureau-a, â€Å"About us†). The bureau does not own any assets, rather it holds and manages the assets of the security funds and estates and acts as a fiduciary for the benefits of the creditors and policyholders of the Estates. The Bureau’s total receipts for the year 2010 stood at $ 195,486,151 as compared to 2009 of $ 100,186,041 and net receipts was much higher as compared to previous year and was calculated to be $15,588,520. Cash comprised only the money which are deposited in the CDA and for longer term investment opportunities the cash is placed in the Money Market Deposit Account so that a more attractive yield is achieved. The bureau monitors the cash balance based which are in excess of insured limits and based on the information, such balances does not represents material credit risk for the New York Liquidation Bureau. Thus cash at the beginning of the year 2010 accounted to $15,022,557 and for 2009 cash was $7407191 and cash at the end of the year accounted for a total amount of $30, 611,077 in 2010 and $ 15,022,557 at the year 2009 (NYLB-c, p.3-4). Literature review The New York Liquidation Bureau performs the responsibility as a Receiver for the Superintendent of Insurance and the Bureau acts on the behalf of the superintendent in order to carry out the duties to safeguard the interest of the creditors and policyholders of the insolvent a nd impaired insurance companies. The Bureau takes care of the insolvent insurance companies in order to maximize the assets and resolve the liabilities, return back the rehabilitated insurance companies to market place so as to distribute the proceeds of the company to the creditors within the given period of time. NYLB has been performing the function of the Receiver since 1909. When the insurance company is

Effect of Stimulus Uncertainty Essay Example for Free

Effect of Stimulus Uncertainty Essay Participants The participants of the card sort experiment, were twenty-one psychology students enrolled in psychology 213W. Four of the students were male and seventeen of the remaining students were female. Students participated in this experiment to satisfy a course requirement. Setting The experiment took place in room 337, the experimental psychology lab room in the science building of Queens College, CUNY. Materials The participants used a standard deck of playing cards, which had 52 cards in four suits. Participants used cellular devices with 1 second precision, as time keeping devices and a pencil or black or blue ink pen to record data on a piece of paper. The internet based program VassarStats was used to calculate the T-Tests. Experimental Design A within-subject counterbalanced experimental design was used for this study (ABBA). In this design, each participant received each condition and served as his or her own control. The independent variable in this experiment was the method of sorting; condition A was a 2-sort alternative and condition B was a 4 sort alternative. The dependent variable in this experiment was the change in the response time, which was measured in seconds. Response time was the time it took the participant to sort all cards into corresponding piles, until the last card is on the table and no longer in the hand of the participant. The Null hypothesis in this study was the differing levels of the independent variable will produce no change in the dependent variable. The alternative hypothesis was the changes in the independent variable would result in changes of the dependent variable. Procedure The twenty-one participants divided into groups of two, because there was an odd number, there was a group of three. When groups were settled into their cubicles, one participant counted the cards, to make sure the deck contained 52 cards. Once the participant finished counting, cards such as joker and informational cards were taken out. The cards were than shuffled, three times, for randomization. Before the experiment could start, one student would take on the role as a participant and the other as the time keeper. The time keeper used their cellular device to time all 4 trials. Before the experiment could begin, the students counted the cards, to make sure that there were 52 cards. After counting the cards, a student used the bridge method to shuffle the cards. Each trial began when the time keeper said â€Å"go!† For all four trials, the experimenter timed the participant once he/she began sorting the cards and stopped the time once the participants hand was no longer hold ing the last card. Trial 1 (A), included the participant holding the deck of cards face down , and he/she must sort the deck of card into 2 piles, one pile being a black suit pile and the other a red suit pile. In between the trials, the experimenter (also the time keeper) shuffled the cards. Trail 2 (B), again, holding the deck of cards, face down, the participant is asked to sort the cards into 4 piles this time, one for each suit; diamonds, clubs, spades, hearts. Once Trial 3 (B) is finished, the cards are shuffled again and handed to the participant. Trial 4(A), is a repeat of trial 1, the participants had to separate the deck of card into 2 groups, by alternative color. For each trial, the participant was timed as to how long it took them to complete the sorting, for each trial. The results were recorded on a piece of paper. Once all four trials were completed the experimenter and the participants switched roles. The procedure was repeated for the new participant. After the data was collected, the groups, calculated their means. Results Sorting by color (M(mean)=48.33 seconds) was significantly faster then sorting by suit (M(mean)=66.43 seconds). The results were significant at t(-11.78), with p.0001. Figure 1 shows the means of the 2 sort groups and the 4 sort groups. The participants were able to sort the cards in condition A significantly faster than condition B. Therefore, we accept the alternative hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis. Figure Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1 The Y-Axis represents the averages of the groups. The X-axis shows the two types of sorting methods. Group means were lower for the color sort (2 sort), than for the suit sort (4 sort).

Leadership in Remember the Titans Essay -- Movie Film Football

Remember the Titans In the movie ‘Remember the Titans’, there are many management concepts covered throughout the movie and he is the agent in the movie. The players on the Titans are the targets of the influence. ‘Remember the Titans’ is the perfect movie for Exam 3. It covers many topics that were on the exam, and this class has given me a different way of looking at the movie. I have seen the movie many times, but I never looked at it from a management perspective. It now makes sense to me to look at a football team, or any other type of sports team, from a management point of view. Coach Herman Boone, who is played by Denzel Washington, is a very influential person. He is a perfect leader. While it cannot be found out for sure, Coach Boone can be classified under the trait theory of management, that â€Å"Leaders are Born†. The type of leadership he displays cannot be taught, he is able to bring together two different types of groups to act as one, to respect each other and play together. He shows power in the movie, he has a large capacity to influence others. Using his power, he gets the players to conform and forget how others think they are supposed to act towards each other. The goal specificity is also clear in the movie. Coach Boone expects his team to be ‘perfect’, he expects them to win the Virginia State Championship. Former head coach and now assistant coach Bill Yoast, played by Will Patton, is also a very influential person and good leader. He is in charge...

Compare the Rights and Responsibilities of Employers and Employees

When I spoke to the employer of the local paper shop, he told me that he shares many different rights and responsibilities with his employee's and they are the Health and Safety act and the Conditions of Employment. The Health and Safety act sets out rules that both the employer and employee should obey to run the business effectively, the employer has a right to provide safe equipment that won't put the employees in danger, however, the employee also has to obey any rule to the employer puts forward.The employer also has to carry out regular tests on all of the equipment in the work place to ensure that it is a safe environment for both him and the employees. Employers are expected to give the employees a copy of the terms and conditions of their contract, for the local paper shop, this isn't a great deal, however if it was a larger business such as New Look, the employee has a right to a documentation of their contract.There are also rules against sexual, racial and disability disc rimination which the employer can't ever breach, however, employees also need to stick to this law too, for example, if a new person got employed and he was a different race, it is going against the discrimination and racial act if you take hate upon this person because of the way they look, what colour they are, etc. Both employers and employees should act in a controlled way around the workplace and not put any other employee in danger.

Verizon vs Sprint

P. P. is a 4-year-old boy who presents to the pediatrician’s office with pain in his right ear. Subjective Data Mom states that her son woke up in the middle of the night crying two nights ago. She gave the child ibuprofen, and he went back to sleep. Last night he woke up in pain, and he was inconsolable. She felt he should be seen by the physician. Attends preschool program Lives with mother Father estranged Objective Data TM appears inflamed – it is red and may be bulging and immobile T 100. 3 Last ibuprofen 3 hours ago 1. What other assessments should be included for this patient? Inspection of the ear with ophthalmoscope. 2. What questions are appropriate for a patient presenting with earache? -When did the pain occur? -On a scale of 1-10 how severe is the pain? 3. What risk factors are associated with earaches for this age group? -This age group of adolescents are more at risk for ear infections, because of the size and shape of the Eustachian tube, and the immune system is not strong yet. 4. From the readings, what is the difference between otitis media and otitis external? -Otitis media is a middle ear infection that effects the ear drum.Otitis external is inflammation, irritation or infection of the outer ear canal. 5. From the readings, what is the most probable cause of earache in this patient? -The most probable cause in this patient is acute otitis media. 6. What are three appropriate nursing diagnoses? -Inspect the ear –Take Medications to reduce the pain. -Check up in about two weeks if the pain does not die down. 7. What interventions should be included in the nursing care plan? -The nurse should prescribe antibiotics to help with the infection and schedule a check-up appointment to make sure the infection is gone or is improving.

5 Factors for Effective Business Writing Training

5 Factors for Effective Business Writing Training When it comes to business writing, which encompasses everything from email and report writing to marketing messages, even the Fortune 500 companies face crisis. All around theglobe, organizations spend millions onstaff training for leadership, motivation, team†building and whatnot, but invest far less in business writing training. This is a costly mistake.In mostcompanies, employees spend fully 40% of their time †Ã¢â‚¬  or more †Ã¢â‚¬  writing each day. Enhancingthis skill will greatly reduce time writing each document and yield better business writing. Traditionally, business writing typically referred to reports, proposals and memos. Thatnarrow definition is long gone. Every aspect of every business function is carried in some formof writing. New documents have emerged †Ã¢â‚¬  and some of them must be written and maintainedfor compliance with corporate or federal governance and other regulations. In such cases, the last thing your business needs is employees with poor writing skills. This iswhy your business’s primary objective, at the time of hiring, should be to assess the writing skills of your potential employees. After assessing your employees' writing skills, you will have a clear idea (ideally you will have a clear measurement) of current business writing skills and how to improve business writing skills overall. If you feel that your company lacks the necessary business writing skills to write relevant and structured content that clearly elicits the right business response, you can improve employee business writing abilities either by conducting an internal tutorial program or hiring outside expert training. In either case, here are the five most important factors that make up an effective business writing training session: 1) Qualification(s) The first step is to evaluate and verify the credentials of the writing expert and trainer who will conduct the business writing training. The instructor should be well†trained and experienced specifically in business writing, not writing in general. Look for a background in rhetoric, which indicates the trainer understands all aspects of business writing, including thinking, organization, creativity, relevance to audience purpose. Without an understanding of rhetoric, your business writing training could devolve to simplegrammar training. Good business writing training is much more than that. 2) Program Structure An effective business writing training class addresses both the substance and the syntax of documents. While syntax is easier to teach and to find an instructor for, substance requires a thorough understanding of your business, writing requirements, and relevant information involved. It is necessary to appoint an instructor who has both a mastery of English languageand who has taught writing and rhetoric as a subject previously.3) Customization There are several off†the†shelf business writing training programs and software available in the market. They offer a cost†effective way to improve business writing skills for your employees, but they may or may not be the right match for your particular company documents and employee skill gaps. One-size-fits-all doesn’t work with business writing, given its wide application. Search for a company that specializes in offering customized business writing training in addition to off†the†shelf options. This will ensure you’re dealing with a company that truly understands business writing. You will also save costs by gaining a customized business writing training program that does not have to built from scratch. 4) Continual Support Effective business writing training is not just a single event. Transforming your employees’ business writing skills involves continual training. After any business writing training program, make sure there is opportunity to ask ongoing questions and receive ongoing resources. Business writing standards evolve quickly. Make certain your employees have access to new information. 5) Flexibility Lastly, the business writing training should be flexible in two ways. First, it should achievethe desired results †Ã¢â‚¬  improve your employees’ business writing skills. Secondly, the training logistics should be flexible to match your requirements. Can the training support a large, onsite delivery? Can the training support a large, online delivery? Are online and onsite and general and customized options available to best match your needs? Will the company work with you to ensure logistics match what you want? Demand this. Download my eBook, â€Å"Four Steps to Improve Your Team’s Business Writing Skills"to learn more on what makes up a good business writing training session.Read and discover the secret art to effective business writing and maintaining your company’s image and efficiency through proper communication. Or, schedule a complimentary consultationwith a business writing expert to help your team write better at work.

Impossible Nest Pas Français

Impossible N'est Pas Franà §ais The French expression impossible nest pas franà §ais is actually a proverb, equivalent to theres no such thing as cant or simply nothing is impossible. In French, you should never say that something is impossible, because, according to the proverb,  impossible isnt even a French word. Likewise, in English, you should never say that you cant do something because the concept of cant doesnt exist. In other words, nothing is impossible and there isnt anything you cant do. It would make a good motivational poster in either language (if youre into that kind of thing). Expression: Impossible nest pas franà §aisPronunciation: eh(n) puh seebl nay pa fra(n) sayMeaning: Theres no such thing as cantLiteral translation: Impossible isnt FrenchRegister: normal Example Tout le monde mavait dit que cà ©tait impossible  ; moi, je leur ai rà ©pondu qu «Ã‚  impossible nest pas franà §ais  Ã‚ » et puis je lai fait. Everyone told me you cant do that; I told them that theres no such thing as cant and then I did it.

Reflection paper IC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection paper IC - Essay Example The information gathered by these organisations becomes fundamental to policy makers as it aids in making informed decisions. Failure by intelligence organisations to provide accurate and timely information could result in security catastrophe. The intelligence reports remain essential in evading such security threat in many parts of the world. Over the next decade, intelligence gathering could be faced by numerous challenges resulting from increased technology utilisation across the world. The American intelligence services have been faced with challenges of gaining accurate information from other regions of the world. The increased utilisation of technological devices makes information readily available from different sources. Over the next decade, technological methods will form the basis for undertaking intelligence reporting. The technology will however cause intelligence challenges, as these devices will be utilised by other people, who could have malicious causes (Drogin and Goetz 2005). The security of intelligence reports will become a major concern as technological devices remain prone to hacking and corruption of information by malicious individuals. The security of information will be a major challenge for the next decade, among intelligence agencies ( Bureau of Public Affairs 2013). The skills utilised available to the individuals undertaking different intelligence operations remain a significant challenge for the intelligence services. Many organisations utilise different approaches, some requiring intensive training, which might be increasingly expensive to pursue. The sources of security threats, like terrorists, have also advanced their knowledge of similar intelligence techniques. Over the next decade, the challenge of dealing with security threats coming from equally trained operatives shall become a reality. The training techniques and intelligence gathering